surrogate markers การใช้

• Water conductivity is used as a surrogate marker for salinity.
• Two areas in particular that are receiving attention as surrogate markers include miRNAs.
• "This is a surrogate marker for breast cancer risk, " said Zmuda.
• Relying on untested if sensible-sounding surrogate markers in other diseases in the past has proved disastrous.
• In support of the association, finasteride improves glucose metabolism and decreases glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c, a surrogate marker for diabetes mellitus.
• As prenatal nutrition is difficult to measure, birth weight has been used as a surrogate marker of nutrition in many studies.
• The downstaging is then a surrogate marker of efficacy on undetected dissemination, resulting in improved longtime survival compared to the surgery-alone strategy.
• Cipro, the antibiotic now in great demand as a treatment for anthrax, was approved for that use last year on the basis of standards using what are called surrogate markers.
• Studies have found that measuring hepcidin would be of benefit to establish optimal treatment, although as this is not widely available, C-reactive protein ( CRP ) is used as a surrogate marker.
• This is because we rarely measure the actual thing we would like to classify; rather, we generally measure an indicator of the thing we would like to classify, referred to as a surrogate marker.
• Given that sodium deprivation is a time-consuming experimental manipulation, and that FoxP2 is stably expressed without any experimental manipulation, this transcription factor can serve as a useful surrogate marker for labeling pre-LC neurons.
• The potential advantage of this novel approach is that, by using HERV antigens as surrogate markers of HIV-infected cells, it could circumvent the difficulty inherent in directly targeting notoriously diverse and fast-mutating HIV antigens.
• But so-called " surrogate markers, " which are designed to indicate the severity of a disease, have misled medical science before, and some AIDS researchers fear that viral load could also lead them astray.
• Dr . Anthony S . Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said surrogate markers are also being used to test whether the existing stock of smallpox vaccine can be diluted and still be effective.
• The committee's positive vote on that question could clear the way for Genzyme to win so-called accelerated approval, in which the FDA grants permission to sell a drug based on what is known as surrogate marker.
• In recent years, the FDA has adopted a fast-track approval process for cancer drugs that permits the use of surrogate markers, like tumor shrinkage or reduction in cancer cells, rather than the traditional end point of increased survival.
• Modern pregnancy tests " do not " use the pregnancy itself to determine pregnancy status; rather, human chorionic gonadotropin is used, or hCG, present in the urine of gravid females, as a " surrogate marker to indicate " that a woman is pregnant.
• While elevated cholesterol levels increase the likelihood for heart disease, the relationship is not linear-many people with normal cholesterol develop heart disease, and many with high cholesterol do not . " Death from heart disease " is the endpoint of interest, but " cholesterol " is the surrogate marker.
• This effect is often accompanied by mild graft-versus-host disease, the appearance of which is often a surrogate marker for the emergence of the desirable graft versus tumor effect, and also serves as a signal to establish an appropriate dosage level for sustained treatment with low levels of immunosuppressive agents.
• Since assessment of the IgV H antibody DNA changes is difficult to perform, the presence of either CD38 or Z-chain associated protein kinase-70 ( ZAP-70 ) may be surrogate markers of high-risk subtype of CLL . Their expression correlates positively with a more immature cellular state and a more rapid disease course.